The class 109 of the Südbahn was created in 1910 when a more powerful successor of the class 32f 4-6-0 express locomotive was needed. The requirements included a top speed of 90 km/h, suitability for curves of 150 meters, a maximum axle load of 14.4 tonnes and enough power to haul a train weighing 320 tonnes including locomotive and tender up an 1.25 percent incline at 40 km/h. This required a grate area of around 3.5 square meters.

To achieve the needed grate area, the firebox had to be made wide, what necessitated a boiler that was high enough above the driving wheels. These had a diameter of 1,740 mm. Between 1910 and 1914, 44 were built by the StEG factory, Floridsdorf and Wiener Neustadt. Later, a variant called class 109.1 was built for Hungarian lines. Seven of this were built in 1913 by MÁVAG and two more in 1917 by Floridsdorf.

After World War I, 17 stayed in Austria and when the Südbahn was nationalized in 1923, they became BBÖ class 209. Ten had become MÁV class 302.6, which were joined by four heavier ones built between 1927 and 1930 which were designated class 302.5. 13 came to the SHS state and later Yugoslavia and became JDŽ class 03. Also 13 came to Italy and became FS class 653.

In 1938, the 17 BBÖ locomotives became Reichsbahn class 38⁴¹, joined by the 13 Yugoslavian ones in World War II. After the War, the BBÖ continued to use the class number 38. Seven were equipped with a Giesl ejector, increasing their power considerably. Depending on the country of service, they were withdrawn between 1962 and 1968. Today three are preserved, with one each operational in Austria and Hungary.

The IV e was developed for passenger and express trains in order to supplement or replace the older, predominantly four-coupled locomotives in this role. It was all about the steep Black Forest Railway, where the existing locomotives could no longer cope with the increasing number of passengers. Thus, from 1894, Grafenstaden from Alsace supplied six-coupled engines with four-cylinder compound engines. They were the first locomotives with a 4-6-0 wheel arrangement in Germany, and they were also the first to use a de Glehn type engine on a locomotive with three coupled axles, i.e. with drive on two axles.

The running gear was built on an inside plate frame, while the bogie was designed with the outside frame known from Grafenstaden, despite the problematic running characteristics. The special feature of this engine rarely used in Germany was that the high-pressure cylinders were on the outside and the low-pressure cylinders on the inside, although the latter had a larger diameter. In order to achieve sufficient traction, the coupling wheels had a diameter of just 1,600 mm, which limited the speed to 90 km/h. During test runs, power of around 800 hp was measured and a 250-tonne train could be transported on the flat at 75 km/h.

Production comprised a total of 83 units up to 1901, which were also supplied by MBG Karlsruhe. Shortly after the turn of the century, the more powerful engines of classes II d and IV f pushed the IV e out of express service, and as a result it was only used in front of regular passenger trains. With the beginning of the First World War, decommissioning began, so that the Reichsbahn was able to take over 35 more units in 1925 and classify them as the class 38⁷⁰. The last were retired in 1932. Today, none of the locomotives remain, as the only existing one kept as a cutaway model in a museum burned down with the museum during World War II.

In 1862 and 1863, the Baltimore & Ohio built eleven ten-wheelers for the increased demand in the Civil War which they designated class B. The first one, numbered 117, had 64 1/2 inch drivers and a combustion chamber that soon had to be removed due to leakage issues. It also had flangeless front drivers. Although they belonged to the same class, the rest had drivers with a diameter of 60 or 58 inches.

The second locomotive was preserved and stored in 1892. For the “Fair of the Iron Horse” in 1927, it was rebuilt, renumbered to 117 and was given the name “Thatcher Perkins”. When the Mount Clare roundhouse in Baltimore collapsed due to excessive snow in 2003, the 117 was one of the locomotives which were heavily damaged. In the meantime, it was cosmetically restored.

The Davis Ten-Wheeler was a 4-6-0 Camelback locomotive of the Baltimore & Ohio that was designed by J.C. Davis and stood in the tradition of the locomotives from Ross Winans. It was based on the Hayes Ten-Wheeler that was built from 1854. Like this, it had a long, narrow firebox for burning anthracite. Although the large cab was enclosed, the fireman had to walk out of it to access the firebox. The stack was a tall, parallel tube that was not located at the front of the smokebox, but far back directly in front of the cab.

While only 17 had been built of their predecessor, a total of 110 Davis Ten-Wheelers had been built between 1869 and 1873. They had come out of the Mount Claire Shops in Baltimore. Number 173, originally numbered 373, has survived until today and is one of only five remaining Camelbacks. It was donated to the Purdue University by the B&O in 1901 and 50 years later, it was again donated to the Museum of Transportation at St. Louis, Missouri. There it was on static display before the museum started to cosmetically restore it in 2017.

The class C V locomotives were among the first express locomotives in Europe to have a 4-6-0 wheel arrangement. They went back to a design that Maffei had created on its own account and presented in 1896 at the Bavarian State Exhibition. The original design was intended for both passenger and freight trains and therefore had coupled wheels with a diameter of only 1,640 mm. The Bavarian State Railways bought this locomotive and put it into service as a test. It was finally decided to purchase it as a pure express locomotive with a coupled wheel diameter of 1,870 mm and only in a reinforced version. However, the increase in the size of the wheels was accompanied by a reduction in the tractive effort, so that in normal operation the maximum speed of 90 km/h could only be used with trains of a maximum of 160 tonnes.

At the request of Anton Hammel, director of Maffei, a bar frame that was still rarely found in Germany was used. While the trend in the north of the country was back towards two-cylinder locomotives with single steam expansion, Hammel ushered in the era of express train locomotives with four-cylinder compound engines in southern Germany with the C V. The thinking prevailed here that the disadvantages of the more maintenance-intensive inner cylinders and cranked axles are more than compensated for by the lower consumption.

Between 1899 and 1901, 42 examples were built, which were pushed into lower-level services by new locomotives from 1903 onwards. They remained in service longer in their new working area, but after the First World War a relatively large proportion of 17 locomotives had to be handed over to France as reparations. The remaining locomotives were taken over by the Reichsbahn and became the class 17³. This showed that they were still classified as express locomotives. They were retired by 1930.

The P 3/5 H was a passenger locomotive that was ordered by the Bavarian Group Administration shortly after the Reichsbahn was founded. Since there was no final class scheme at that time, the locomotives were given a Bavarian designation for the time being. In 1925 they became the class 38⁴, the 80 examples built were numbered 38 401 to 38 480.

The basis of the development was the P 3/5 N, which already had a four-cylinder compound engine, but was only designed to use saturated steam. The chassis was adopted almost unchanged, but slightly larger cylinders and a larger boiler with a superheater were installed. In addition, there was a more spacious cab, as was the state of the art at this time. Despite the same top speed, the power and economy increased, and a larger tender also further increased the range. So it turned out that these locomotives, which were actually only developed for normal passenger trains, were even used in front of express trains. From 1924 all surviving P 3/5 N were rebuilt to a superheated P 3/5 H.

Like their predecessors from Bavaria, all P 3/5 H received a green paint finish ex works. Although the repainting took place in 1925, not all locomotives could be repainted directly to the new color scheme. It was not until around 1930 that some were given the new black and red color scheme as part of a general inspection. Fortunately, all of the P 3/5 H survived the Second World War. After the end of the war, they were all on the territory of what later became the Bundesbahn, as they were mainly used in the Bavarian area. The rest of their life their working area didn't change either. The 38 432 was the last to be retired in 1955.

To create a powerful passenger locomotive that could also haul a heavy express train at up to 90 km/h if needed, the Bavarian State Railway ordered a scaled-down version of the S 3/5 from Maffei. The result was called P 3/5 and later renamed to P 3/5 N when the superheated P 3/5 H was introduced. Compared to the S 3/5 it had a smaller boiler and smaller drivers, but four compound cylinders of the same size. They could haul a 350 tonne train at 80 km/h on the flat or a train of the same weight at 45 km/h on a one percent incline.

Between 1905 and 1908, 36 were built for Bavaria. After World War I, six had been destroyed and 17 had to be given away as reparations. The remaining 13 came to the Reichsbahn in the twenties and became class 38⁰. After the P 3/5 H had been introduced in 1921, also all P 3/5 N were also superheated in the following years. They were retired between 1932 and 1938.

Twelve identical locomotives could be exported to Bulgaria. The BDŽ called them class 08 and used them for important trains, among them was also the Simplon Orient Express. The CFO, being the company that operated the last part of the Orient Express from Bulgaria to Istanbul, bought three more and designated them series IX. When they came to the Turkish State Railway in 1937, they were numbered 35.504 to 35.506.

In addition to the S 2/5, the S 3/5 was procured as an express locomotive with a 4-6-0 wheel arrangement. Both were technically very closely related, but the S 3/5 with its three coupled axles was intended more for heavy express trains and lines with gradients of one percent. Both locomotives were almost identical in terms of boiler and engine, which resulted in roughly the same power output. In the first locomotives delivered, the boiler pressure was 14 bars, but it was increased to 16 bars from the following year and thus reached the same value as its sister, which was only manufactured from 1904.

Both locomotives are characterized by the use of a bar frame. On the S 3/5, the diameter of the driving wheels was 130 mm smaller, resulting in a slightly lower boiler. The result of this different design was that the locomotive developed a higher adhesive weight and greater tractive effort, but was somewhat less suitable for sustained running at the top speed range.

In 1906, a test locomotive was fitted with a superheater and the diameter of the cylinders was increased slightly. This measure enabled the power to be increased by around 170 hp, which meant that trains weighing up to 450 tonnes could be pulled at 100 km/h instead of just 300 tonnes at the same speed as before. Based on this experience, production was switched over in 1907 and only the superheated variant was built. The latter was designated the S 3/5 H, while the original variant later became the S 3/5 N. As a result, between 1903 and 1911, a total of 39 saturated locomotives and 30 superheated ones were manufactured.

After some locomotives had to be handed over after the First World War, the Reichsbahn took on 20 saturated ones as class 17⁴ and 24 superheated ones as class 17⁵. Since the newer S 3/6 was very expensive to purchase, the locomotives from the older series were also completely superheated in the years that followed. Despite these rebuilds, this variant began to be retired as early as 1932. After the war, all the remaining locomotives were on Bavarian territory, but they were all badly worn and were therefore completely retired by 1948.

When developing a class 5 standard locomotive for mixed service, a Pacific locomotive first came up for discussion. However, since this was considered too expensive, the choice fell on the wheel arrangement 4-6-0. This offered the additional advantage that, for a given total weight, a larger proportion was accounted for by the adhesive weight. The basis for the development was Stanier's LMS Class 5, which had proven itself in all service areas and was still in production at the time.

The improvements still to be made to this mainly concerned the production and operating costs, which were to be reduced through the use of standardized parts and the simplest possible maintenance. A self-cleaning smoke box and a rocking grate were installed for faster turnaround after the end of the shift. The cab was standardized with many similarities to the other standard classes. Some pipes in the cab have been moved to the outside for easier access and cheaper production. The boiler had almost the same dimensions as the Black Five, but was made of manganese steel instead of nickel steel. In addition, the drivers were enlarged by two inches and the cylinder diameter by half an inch.

The production of the standard locomotive followed the production of the Black Five almost seamlessly. Between April 1951 and January 1952 only 30 were initially built in the workshops at Derby. A further 100 were later built at Derby and 42 at Doncaster, with the last being delivered in June and May 1957 respectively. The locomotives were used in many regions and were just as versatile as their predecessors. They were reported to have been more economical at higher speeds than the Black Five and the drivers would have credited them with a top speed of just under 100mph.

Variants with a double blast pipe and a 2-8-0 goods variant were proposed, but these were not implemented. This was mainly due to British Railways' modernization plans from 1955, which prepared the phase-out of steam traction. The locomotives were retired between 1964 and 1968 and today there are five of which two were still operational.

Beginning in 1907, the Buenos Aires Great Southern received some batches of Ten-Wheelers with different cylinder configurations from British manufacturers. The first was the class 12A with a two-cylinder compound engine, which was built a total of 32 times by Beyer, Peacock and North British and was later converted to simple expansion and superheated. Also in 1907, nine class 12B locomotives were built by the Vulcan Foundry, using four cylinder compound engines, three of which were superheated in 1924. In 1914 Beyer, Peacock built 20 class 12D locomotives, which had a simple two-cylinder engine and a superheater.